Organic electroluminescent materials and devices

ABSTRACT

Novel organic compounds comprising a bicarbazole core are provided. In particular, the compounds has a 3,3′-bicarbazole core substituted at the 9-position with a triazine or pyrimidine. The compounds may be used in organic light emitting devices to provide devices having improved efficiency and improved lifetime.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/915,199, filed Mar. 8, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/816,407, filed Feb. 11, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,954,180, which is a U.S. national phase application filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2010/046218, filed Aug. 20, 2010, the entireties of which are included herein.

The claimed invention was made by, on behalf of, and/or in connection with one or more of the following parties to a joint university corporation research agreement: Regents of the University of Michigan, Princeton University, The University of Southern California, and the Universal Display Corporation. The agreement was in effect on and before the date the claimed invention was made, and the claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the agreement.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). More specifically, the present invention pertains to phosphorescent organic materials comprising a bicarbazole having a nitrogen-containing heterocycle at the 9 position.

BACKGROUND

Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becoming increasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic opto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited for particular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate. Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials. For example, the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emits light may generally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants.

OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full color display. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adapted to emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. In particular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Color may be measured using CIE coordinates, which are well known to the art.

One example of a green emissive molecule is tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium, denoted Ir(ppy)₃, which has the structure:

In this, and later figures herein, we depict the dative bond from nitrogen to metal (here, Ir) as a straight line.

As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as well as small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually be quite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in some circumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as a pendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Small molecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. The core moiety of a dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it is believed that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs are small molecules.

As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while “bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposed further away from substrate. There may be other layers between the first and second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “in contact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organic layers in between.

As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium, either in solution or suspension form.

A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed that the ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of an emissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it is believed that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactive properties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand may alter the properties of a photoactive ligand.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or “higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials (IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolute value (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolute value (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A “higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such a diagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbers relative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function is more negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as further away from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, the definitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different convention than work functions.

More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Compounds comprising a bicarbazole are provided. The compounds have the formula:

R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl. Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ may be further substituted. X is C or N.

In one aspect, Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, naphthalene, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene. Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently further substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl, but the substituent is not an aryl or heteroaryl fused directly to Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃. Preferably, Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, and naphthalene. Preferably, Ar₃ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, dibenzofuran, and dibenzothiophene.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are hydrogen.

Specific examples of compounds comprising bicarbazole are also provided. In particular, the compound is selected from the group consisting of Compound 1 to Compound 184 as defined herein.

A first device comprising an organic light emitting device is also provided. The device further comprises an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode. The organic layer comprises a compound having Formula I, as described above.

R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl. Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ may be further substituted. X is C or N.

In one aspect, Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, naphthalene, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene. Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently further substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl, but the substituent is not an aryl or heteroaryl fused directly to Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃. Preferably, Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, and naphthalene. Preferably, Ar₃ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, dibenzofuran, and dibenzothiophene.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are hydrogen.

Specific examples of devices containing compounds comprising bicarbazole are also provided. In particular, the compound is selected from the group consisting of Compound 1-Compound 184.

In one aspect, the organic layer is deposited using solution processing.

In one aspect, the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound having Formula I is a host.

In another aspect, the organic layer further comprises an emissive dopant having the formula:

In one aspect, the first device is a consumer product. In another aspect, the first device is an organic light emitting device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device that does not have a separate electron transport layer.

FIG. 3 shows a bicarbazole compound with a nitrogen-containing heterocycle substitution at the 9-position.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.

More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., “Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporated by reference.

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Device 100 may include a substrate 110, an anode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, an electron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blocking layer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer 150, a protective layer 155, and a cathode 160. Cathode 160 is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. Device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functions of these various layers, as well as example materials, are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which are incorporated by reference.

More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F.sub.4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. Device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed over the anode, and device 200 has cathode 215 disposed under anode 230, device 200 may be referred to as an “inverted” OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may be used in the corresponding layers of device 200. FIG. 2 provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device 100.

The simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layers described in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe various layers as comprising a single material, it is understood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host and dopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an “organic layer” disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2.

Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/233,470, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, including flat panel displays, computer monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.).

The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.

The terms halo, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, aromatic group, and heteroaryl are known to the art, and are defined in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 31-32, which are incorporated herein by reference. Novel bicarbazole containing compounds are provided (illustrated in FIG. 3). More specifically, these compounds contain a 3,3′-bicarbazole core and triazine or pyrimidine substitution at the 9-position. These compounds may be used as hosts for phosphorescent OLEDs.

Carbazole containing compounds for use as OLED materials have been previously described. In particular, 3,3′-bicarbazole compounds have good hole transporting properties, but have poor stability toward electrons. Alkyl and aryl substituted 3,3′-bicarbazole compounds have been used as hole transporting materials and hosts in OLEDs; however, these compounds also have imbalanced charge transporting properties and poor electron stability and may provide devices with low efficiency and limited lifetime. For example, a diaryl substituted 3,3′-bicarbazole, i.e. H1, has a HOMO around 5.6 eV, very good for hole transporting but poor for electron transporting and stability. Therefore, the 3,3′-bicarbazole compounds reported in the literature may have limited use.

In the present invention, nitrogen containing electron deficient heterocycles were introduced to 3,3′-bicarbazole compounds. In particular, the compounds contain a 3,3′-bicarbazole core and triazine or pyrimidine substitution at the 9 position. The nitrogen containing heterocycle tunes the HOMO/LUMO levels as well as increases the compound's stability toward electrons. In addition, these compounds contain a donor part, i.e. bicarbazole, and an acceptor part, i.e. electron deficient nitrogen heterocycle. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that these donor-acceptor type molecules can shrink singlet and triplet gap and improve stability to both hole and electrons. Therefore, these 3,3′-bicarbazole compounds containing a nitrogen heterocycle may provide devices having better stability and lower operating voltage.

Compounds comprising a bicarbazole are provided. The compounds have the formula:

R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl. Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ may be further substituted. X is C or N.

In one aspect, Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, naphthalene, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene, and Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently further substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl, but the substituent is not an aryl or heteroaryl fused directly to Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃. Preferably, Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, and naphthalene. Preferably, Ar₃ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, dibenzofuran, and dibenzothiophene.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are hydrogen.

Specific examples of compounds comprising bicarbazole are also provided. In particular, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

A first device comprising an organic light emitting device is also provided. The device further comprises an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode. The organic layer comprises a compound having Formula I, as described above.

R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl. Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ may be further substituted. X is C or N.

In one aspect, Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, naphthalene, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene. Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently further substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl, but the substituent is not an aryl or heteroaryl fused directly to Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃. Preferably, Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, and naphthalene. Preferably, Ar₃ is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, dibenzofuran, and dibenzothiophene.

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are hydrogen.

Specific examples of devices containing compounds comprising bicarbazole are also provided. In particular, the compound is selected from the group consisting of Compound 1-Compound 184.

In one aspect, the organic layer is deposited using solution processing.

In one aspect, the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound having Formula I is a host.

In another aspect, the organic layer further comprises an emissive dopant having the formula:

In one aspect, the first device is a consumer product. In another aspect, the first device is an organic light emitting device.

Combination with Other Materials

The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination.

HIL/HTL:

A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transporting material. Examples of the material include, but not limit to: a phthalocyanine or porphryin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; an indolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; a polymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such as PEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such as phosphonic acid and sliane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, such as MoO_(x); a p-type semiconducting organic compound, such as 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and a cross-linkable compounds.

Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, but not limit to the following general structures:

Each of Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each Ar is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.

In one aspect, Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting

k is an integer from 1 to 20; X¹ to X⁸ is CH or N; Ar¹ has the same group defined above.

Examples of metal complexes used in HIL or HTL include, but not limit to the following general formula:

M is a metal, having an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y¹—Y²) is a bidentate ligand, Y1 and Y² are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L is an ancillary ligand; m is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and m+n is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, (Y¹—Y²) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative.

In another aspect, (Y¹—Y²) is a carbene ligand.

In another aspect, M is selected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn.

In a further aspect, the metal complex has a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc⁺/Fc couple less than about 0.6 V.

Host:

The light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present invention preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant.

Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have the following general formula:

M is a metal; (Y³—Y⁴) is a bidentate ligand, Y³ and Y⁴ are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L is an ancillary ligand; m is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and m+n is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, the metal complexes are:

(O-N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O and N.

In another aspect, M is selected from Ir and Pt.

In a further aspect, (Y³—Y⁴) is a carbene ligand.

Examples of organic compounds used as host are selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each group is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.

In one aspect, host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

R¹ to R⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above.

k is an integer from 0 to 20.

X¹ to X⁸ is selected from CH or N.

HBL:

A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED.

In one aspect, compound used in HBL contains the same molecule used as host described above.

In another aspect, compound used in HBL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

k is an integer from 0 to 20; L is an ancillary ligand, m is an integer from 1 to 3.

ETL:

Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typically used to transport electrons.

In one aspect, compound used in ETL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above.

Ar¹ to Ar^(a) has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above.

k is an integer from 0 to 20.

X¹ to X⁸ is selected from CH or N.

In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL contains, but not limit to the following general formula:

(O-N) or (N-N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O, N or N, N; L is an ancillary ligand; m is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In any above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of OLED device, the hydrogen atoms attached to conjugated rings can be partially or fully deuterated.

The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination.

In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosed herein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, dopant materials, exiton/hole blocking layer materials, electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in an OLED. Non-limiting examples of the materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are listed in Table 1 below. Table 1 lists non-limiting classes of materials, non-limiting examples of compounds for each class, and references that disclose the materials.

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EXPERIMENTAL Compound Examples Example 1. Synthesis of Compound 1

Synthesis of 3-iodo-9H-carbazole. To a solution of 9H-carbazole (5.57 g, 33.3 mmol) and KI (3.68 g, 22.2 mmol) in AcOH (92 mL) was heated to 100° C. for 1 h. KIO₃ (3.57 g, 16.7 mmol) was added in portions to the solution, and the resulting mixture was stirred for another 2 h at 100° C. The mixture was poured into water (500 mL) and the precipitation was collected by filtration and washed with hot water. Recrystallization was made in DCM to afford 6.8 g (70%) of product as a white solid.

Synthesis of 9-phenyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-carbazole. To a solution of 3-bromo-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole (20.3 g, 63 mmol) in THF (150 mL) at −78° C. was added 47.25 mL (75.8 mmol) of n-butyllithium (1.6 M in hexane). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h. 21 mL (100 mmol) of 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]-dioxaborolane was added to the solution, and the resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 8 h. The mixture was poured into water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic extracts were washed with brine and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation, and recrystallization was made in hexane to afford 19.3 g (83%) of product as a white solid.

Synthesis of 3-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9H-carbazole. To a solution of 3-iodo-9H-carbazole (879 mg, 3.0 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (165 mg, 0.15 mmol), 9-phenyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (1.29 g, 4.5 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (1.8 g, 18.0 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL). The solution was heated to 85° C. with vigorous stirring for 48 h under argon atmosphere. The mixture was poured into water and extracted with DCM. The organic extracts were washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation, and recrystallization was made in DCM to afford 900 mg (74%) of product.

Synthesis of 9-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-3-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9H-carbazole (Compound 1). To a solution of sodium hydride (100 mg, 3.0 mmol) and 3-(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-9H-carbazole (816 mg, 2.0 mmol) in dry DMF (40 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h under argon atmosphere. 2-Chloro-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine (448 mg, 1.67 mmol) was added to the solution at room temperature, then refluxed overnight. The mixture was poured into water and the precipitation was collected by filtration and washed with water, methanol and DCM to get 800 mg (75%) yellow solid.

Device Examples

All device examples were fabricated by high vacuum (<10⁻⁷ Torr) thermal evaporation. The anode electrode is 800 Å of indium tin oxide (ITO). The cathode consisted of 10 Å of LiF followed by 1000 Å of Al. All devices were encapsulated with a glass lid sealed with an epoxy resin in a nitrogen glove box (<1 ppm of H₂O and O₂) immediately after fabrication, and a moisture getter was incorporated inside the package.

As used herein, the following compounds have the following structures:

Particular devices are provided. The organic stack of the Device Examples 1 and 2 consisted of sequentially, from the ITO surface, 100 Å of E1 as the hole injection layer (HIL), 300 Å of 4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (α-NPD) as the hole transporting layer (HTL), 300 Å of host doped with E1 as the emissive layer (EML), 100 Å of H2 as the blocking layer (BL), and 400 Å of Alq as the electron transporting layer (ETL).

Comparative Device Examples 1 and 2 were fabricated similarly to Device Examples 1 and 2, except H3 was used as host.

Device structures for Device Examples 1 and 2 are provided in Table 2 and the corresponding measured device data is provided in Table 3.

TABLE 2 VTE PHOLEDs Example HIL HTL EML (doping %) BL ETL Example 1 E1 NPD Compound E1 5%  H2 Alq 1 Example 2 E1 NPD Compound E1 10% H2 Alq 1 Comparative E1 NPD H3 E1 5%  H2 Alq Example 1 Comparative E1 NPD H3 E1 10% H2 Alq Example 2

TABLE 3 VTE device data At 1000 nits At 40 mA/cm² 1931 CIE FWHM Voltage LE EQE PE L₀ LT80 Example x y λ_(max) (nm) (V) (Cd/A) (%) (lm/W) (nits) % (h) Example 1 0.324 0.623 520 66 5.7 40.6 11.3 22.2 12,769 86 Example 2 0.336 0.619 522 69 5.6 47.4 13.2 26.4 15,048 83 Comp. 0.316 0.628 520 64 5.7 45.5 12.7 25.1 12,635 46 Example 1 Comp. 0.317 0.630 520 64 5.2 54.4 15.1 32.6 16,264 29 Example 2

Device Examples 1 and 2 showed green PHOLEDs with Compound 1 as host with different E1 doping concentrations. The comparative examples used H3 (i.e., CBP, a commonly used PHOLED host) as the host. As can be seen from the table, devices with Compound 1 as host had comparative operating voltage, slightly lower efficiency than devices with H3 as the host. However, the device operating lifetime was much higher than comparative examples. Device Example 1 almost doubled the lifetime of Comparative Example 1 (86 h vs 46 h) and Device Example 2 almost tripled the lifetime of Comparative Example 2 (83 h vs. 29 h). Therefore, Compound 1 is an excellent host material for phosphorescent OLEDs.

It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore includes variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting. 

1. A compound having the formula:

wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ may represent mono- up to the maximum substitutions, or no substitutions; wherein each R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein each of Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ is independently aryl or heteroaryl; and wherein X is C or N, with the proviso that (i) at least one R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ is not hydrogen, (ii) Ar₃ is not selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted moiety selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, pyrimidine, triazine, and fluorene, or (iii) both option (i) and option (ii).
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are further substituted.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, naphthalene, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene; and wherein Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently further substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein the substituent is not an aryl or heteroaryl fused directly to Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, and naphthalene.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ar₃ is selected from the group consisting of dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are hydrogen.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:


8. A first device comprising an organic light emitting device, further comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer comprises a compound having the formula:

wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl; and wherein X is C or N, with the proviso that (i) at least one R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ is not hydrogen, (ii) Ar₃ is not selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted moiety selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, pyrimidine, triazine, and fluorene, or (iii) both condition (i) and condition (ii).
 9. The device of claim 8, wherein Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are further substituted.
 10. The device of claim 8, wherein Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, naphthalene, biphenyl, terphenyl, fluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene; and wherein Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently further substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein the substituent is not an aryl or heteroaryl fused directly to Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃.
 11. The device of claim 8, wherein Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, pyridine, and naphthalene.
 12. The device of claim 8, wherein Ar₃ is selected from the group consisting of dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene.
 13. The device of claim 8, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are hydrogen.
 14. The device of claim 8, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:


15. The device of claim 8, wherein the organic layer is deposited using solution processing.
 16. The device of claim 8, wherein the organic layer is an emissive layer and the compound having Formula I is a host.
 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the organic layer further comprises an emissive dopant having the structure:


18. The device of claim 8, wherein the first device is an organic light emitting device.
 19. A consumer product comprising an organic light emitting device, comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer comprises a compound having the formula:

wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions; wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl; wherein Ar₁, Ar₂, and Ar₃ are independently selected from aryl or heteroaryl; and wherein X is C or N, with the proviso that (i) at least one R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ is not hydrogen, (ii) Ar₃ is not selected from the group consisting of an unsubstituted moiety selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, pyrimidine, triazine, and fluorene, or (iii) both option (i) and option (ii).
 20. The consumer product of claim 19, wherein the consumer product is selected from the group consisting of flat panel displays, computer monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, vehicles, a wall, theater or stadium screen, and a sign. 